Dicuntur secreto.
Pater noster, qui es in cœlis: sanctificétur nomen tuum: advéniat regnum tuum: fiat volúntas tua, sicut in cœlo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidiánum da nobis hódie: et dimítte nobis débita nostra, sicut et nos dimíttimus debitóribus nostris: et ne nos indúcas in tentatiónem: sed líbera nos a malo. Amen.
Our Father, who art in heaven: hallowed be thy name: thy kingdom come: thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread: and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us: and lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil. Amen.
Ave María, grátia plena, Dóminus tecum: benedícta tu in muliéribus, et benedíctus fructus ventris tui Jesus. Sancta María, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatóribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen.
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.
Credo in Deum, Patrem omnipoténtem, Creatórem cœli et terræ. Et in Jesum Christum, Fílium ejus únicum, Dóminum nostrum: qui concéptus est de Spíritu sancto, natus ex María Vírgine, passus sub Póntio Piláto, crucifíxus, mórtuus, et sepúltus: descéndit ad ínferos: tértia die resurréxit a mórtuis: ascéndit ad cœlos, sedet ad déxteram Dei Patris omnipoténtis: inde ventúrus est judicáre vivos et mórtuos. Credo in Spíritum sanctum, sanctam Ecclésiam cathólicam, sanctórum communiónem, remissiónem peccatórum, carnis resurrectiónem, vitam ætérnam. Amen.
I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth. And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord; Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried: He descended into hell: the third day He rose again from the dead: He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty. From thence He shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints, the Forgiveness of sins, the Resurrection of the body. And the Life everlasting. Amen.
Beátus vir, * qui in lege Dómini meditábitur: volúntas ejus pérmanet die ac nocte, et ómnia quæcúmque fáciet, semper et prosperabúntur, allelúja.
Blessed is the man * that doth meditate in the law of the Lord: his delight is therein day and night, and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper, Alleluia.
Psalmus 1.
Beátus vir, qui non ábiit in consílio impiórum, et in via peccatórum non stetit, * et in cáthedra pestiléntiæ non sedit:
2 Sed in lege Dómini volúntas ejus, * et in lege ejus meditábitur die ac nocte.
3 Et erit tamquam lignum, quod plantátum est secus decúrsus aquárum, * quod fructum suum dabit in témpore suo:
4 Et fólium ejus non défluet: * et ómnia quæcúmque fáciet, prosperabúntur.
5 Non sic ímpii, non sic: * sed tamquam pulvis, quem projícit ventus a fácie terræ.
6 Ideo non resúrgent ímpii in judício: * neque peccatóres in concílio justórum.
7 Quóniam novit Dóminus viam justórum: * et iter impiórum períbit.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
Blessed is the man who hath not walked in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stood in the way of sinners, * nor sat in the chair of pestilence.
2 But his will is in the law of the Lord, * and on his law he shall meditate day and night.
3 And he shall be like a tree which is planted near the running waters, * which shall bring forth its fruit, in due season.
4 And his leaf shall not fall off: * and all whatsoever he shall do shall prosper.
5 Not so the wicked, not so: * but like the dust, which the wind driveth from the face of the earth.
6 Therefore the wicked shall not rise again in judgment: * nor sinners in the council of the just.
7 For the Lord knoweth the way of the just: * and the way of the wicked shall perish.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 2.
Quare fremuérunt Gentes, * et pópuli meditáti sunt inánia?
2 Astitérunt reges terræ, et príncipes convenérunt in unum * advérsus Dóminum, et advérsus Christum ejus.
3 Dirumpámus víncula eórum: * et projiciámus a nobis jugum ipsórum.
4 Qui hábitat in cœlis, irridébit eos: * et Dóminus subsannábit eos.
5 Tunc loquétur ad eos in ira sua, * et in furóre suo conturbábit eos.
6 Ego autem constitútus sum Rex ab eo super Sion montem sanctum ejus, * prǽdicans præcéptum ejus.
7 Dóminus dixit ad me: * Fílius meus es tu, ego hódie génui te.
8 Póstula a me, et dabo tibi Gentes hæreditátem tuam, * et possessiónem tuam términos terræ.
9 Reges eos in virga férrea, * et tamquam vas fíguli confrínges eos.
10 Et nunc reges intellígite: * erudímini qui judicátis terram.
11 Servíte Dómino in timóre: * et exsultáte ei cum tremóre.
12 Apprehéndite disciplínam, nequándo irascátur Dóminus, * et pereátis de via justa.
13 Cum exárserit in brevi ira ejus, * beáti omnes qui confídunt in eo.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
Why have the Gentiles raged, * and the people devised vain things?
2 The kings of the earth stood up, and the princes met together, * against the Lord and against his Christ.
3 Let us break their bonds asunder: * and let us cast away their yoke from us.
4 He that dwelleth in heaven shall laugh at them: * and the Lord shall deride them.
5 Then shall he speak to them in his anger, * and trouble them in his rage.
6 But I am appointed king by him over Sion his holy mountain, * preaching his commandment.
7 The Lord hath said to me: * Thou art my son, this day have I begotten thee.
8 Ask of me, and I will give thee the Gentiles for thy inheritance, * and the utmost parts of the earth for thy possession.
9 Thou shalt rule them with a rod of iron, * and shalt break them in pieces like a potter's vessel.
10 And now, O ye kings, understand: * receive instruction, you that judge the earth.
11 Serve ye the Lord with fear: * and rejoice unto him with trembling.
12 Embrace discipline, lest at any time the Lord be angry, * and you perish from the just way.
13 When his wrath shall be kindled in a short time, * blessed are all they that trust in him.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 3.
Dómine quid multiplicáti sunt qui tríbulant me? * multi insúrgunt advérsum me.
2 Multi dicunt ánimæ meæ: * Non est salus ipsi in Deo ejus.
3 Tu autem Dómine suscéptor meus es, * glória mea, et exáltans caput meum.
4 Voce mea ad Dóminum clamávi: * et exaúdivit me de monte sancto suo.
5 Ego dormívi, et soporátus sum: * et exsurréxi, quia Dóminus suscépit me.
6 Non timébo míllia pópuli circumdántis me: * exsúrge Dómine salvum me fac, Deus meus.
7 Quóniam tu percussísti omnes adversántes mihi sine causa: * dentes peccatórum contrivísti.
8 Dómini est salus: * et super pópulum tuum benedíctio tua.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
Why, O Lord, are they multiplied that afflict me? * Many are they who rise up against me.
2 Many say to my soul: * There is no salvation for him in his God.
3 But thou, O Lord art my protector, * my glory, and the lifter up of my head.
4 I have cried to the Lord with my voice: * and he hath heard me from his holy hill.
5 I have slept and taken my rest: * and I have risen up, because the Lord hath protected me.
6 I will not fear thousands of the people, surrounding me: * arise, O Lord; save me, O my God.
7 For thou hast struck all them who are my adversaries without cause: * thou hast broken the teeth of sinners.
8 Salvation is of the Lord: * and thy blessing is upon thy people.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Beátus vir, qui in lege Dómini meditábitur: volúntas ejus pérmanet die ac nocte, et ómnia quæcúmque fáciet, semper et prosperabúntur, allelúja.
Blessed is the man that doth meditate in the law of the Lord: his delight is therein day and night, and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper, Alleluia.
Versiculus.
℣. Amávit eum Dóminus, et ornávit eum, allelúja.
℟. Stolam glóriæ índuit eum, allelúja.
℣. The Lord loved him and beautified him, Alleluia.
℟. He clothed him with a robe of glory, Alleluia.
Pater noster. secreto.
Qui es in cœlis, sanctificétur nomen tuum: advéniat regnum tuum: fiat volúntas tua, sicut in cœlo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidiánum da nobis hódie: et dimítte nobis débita nostra, sicut et nos dimíttimus debitóribus nostris:
℣. Et ne nos indúcas in tentatiónem.
℟. Sed líbera nos a malo.
Our Father.
Who art in heaven: hallowed be thy name: thy kingdom come: thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread: and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us:
℣. And lead us not into temptation.
℟. But deliver us from evil.
Absolutio.
Exaúdi Dómine Jesu Christe preces servórum tuórum, † et miserére nobis, * qui cum Patre et Spíritu sancto vivis et regnas in sǽcula sæculórum.
℟. Amen.
Graciously hear, O Lord Jesus Christ, the prayers of Thy servants, † and have mercy upon us: * Who livest and reignest with the Father, and the Holy Ghost, world without end.
℟. Amen.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Benedictióne perpétua * benedícat nos Pater ætérnus.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the Eternal Father bless us * with an eternal blessing.
Amen.
Incipit Epístola prima beáti Joánnis Apóstoli.
Lesson from the first letter of St. John the Apostle
I. Joann. 1.
Quod fuit ab inítio, quod audívimus, quod vídimus óculis nostris, quod perspéximus, et manus nostræ contrectavérunt de verbo vitæ: et vita manifestáta est, et vídimus, et testámur, et annuntiámus vobis vitam ætérnam, quæ erat apud Patrem, et appáruit nobis: quod vídimus, et audívimus, annuntiámus vobis, ut et vos societátem habeátis nobíscum, et socíetas nostra sit cum Patre, et cum Fílio ejus Jesu Christo. Et hæc scríbimus vobis ut gaudeátis, et gaúdium vestrum sit plenum. Et hæc est annuntiátio, quam audívimus ab eo, et annuntiámus vobis: Quóniam Deus lux est, et ténebræ in eo non sunt ullæ.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the word of life: For the life was manifested; and we have seen and do bear witness, and declare unto you the life eternal, which was with the Father, and hath appeared to us: That which we have seen and have heard, we declare unto you, that you also may have fellowship with us, and our fellowship may be with the Father, and with his Son Jesus Christ. And these things we write to you, that you may rejoice, and your joy may be full. And this is the declaration which we have heard from him, and declare unto you: That God is light, and in him there is no darkness.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium I.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Unigénitus Dei Fílius * nos benedícere et adjuváre dignétur.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the Son, the Sole-begotten, * mercifully bless and keep us.
Amen.
Si dixérimus quóniam societátem habémus cum eo, et in ténebris ambulámus, mentímur, et veritátem non fácimus. Si autem in luce ambulámus sicut et ipse est in luce, societátem habémus ad ínvicem, et sanguis Jesu Christi, Fílii ejus, emúndat nos ab omni peccáto. Si dixérimus quóniam peccátum non habémus, ipsi nos sedúcimus, et véritas in nobis non est. Si confiteámur peccáta nostra: fidélis est, et justus, ut remíttat nobis peccáta nostra, et emúndet nos ab omni iniquitáte. Si dixérimus quóniam non peccávimus: mendácem fácimus eum, et verbum ejus non est in nobis.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth. But if we walk in the light, as he also is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just, to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all iniquity. If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium II.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Spíritus sancti grátia * illúminet sensus et corda nostra.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the grace of God the Spirit * all our heart and mind enlighten.
Amen.
I. Joann. 2.
Filíoli mei, hæc scribo vobis, ut non peccétis. Sed et si quis peccáverit, advocátum habémus apud Patrem, Jesum Christum justum: et ipse est propitiátio pro peccátis nostris: non pro nostris autem tantum, sed étiam pro totíus mundi. Et in hoc scimus quóniam cognóvimus eum, si mandáta ejus observémus. Qui dicit se nosse eum, et mandáta ejus non custódit, mendax est, et in hoc véritas non est. Qui autem servat verbum ejus, vere in hoc cáritas Dei perfécta est: et in hoc scimus quóniam in ipso sumus. Qui dicit se in ipso manére, debet, sicut ille ambulávit, et ipse ambuláre.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
My little children, these things I write to you, that you may not sin. But if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the just: And he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world. And by this we know that we have known him, if we keep his commandments. He who saith that he knoweth him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. But he that keepeth his word, in him in very deed the charity of God is perfected; and by this we know that we are in him. He that saith he abideth in him, ought himself also to walk, even as he walked.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium III.
Invocántem exaudívit * Dóminus sanctum suum, Dóminus exaudívit eum, et constítuit eum in pace, allelúja.
When His holy one called, * the Lord called him; yea, the Lord heard him, and gave him peace, Alleluia.
Psalmus 4.
Cum invocárem exaudívit me Deus justítiæ meæ: * in tribulatióne dilatásti mihi.
2 Miserére mei, * et exaúdi oratiónem meam.
3 Fílii hóminum úsquequo gravi corde? * ut quid dilígitis vanitátem, et quǽritis mendácium?
4 Et scitóte quóniam mirificávit Dóminus sanctum suum: * Dóminus exaúdiet me cum clamávero ad eum.
5 Irascímini, et nolíte peccáre: † quæ dícitis in córdibus vestris, * in cubílibus vestris compungímini.
6 Sacrificáte sacrifícium justítiæ, † et speráte in Dómino. * Multi dicunt: Quis osténdit nobis bona?
7 Signátum est super nos lumen vultus tui Dómine: * dedísti lætítiam in corde meo.
8 A fructu fruménti, vini, et ólei sui * multiplicáti sunt.
9 In pace in idípsum * dórmiam, et requiéscam;
10 Quóniam tu Dómine singuláriter in spe * constituísti me.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
When I called upon him, the God of my justice heard me: * when I was in distress, thou hast enlarged me.
2 Have mercy on me: * and hear my prayer.
3 O ye sons of men, how long will you be dull of heart? * why do you love vanity, and seek after lying?
4 Know ye also that the Lord hath made his holy one wonderful: * the Lord will hear me when I shall cry unto him.
5 Be angry, and sin not: † the things you say in your hearts, * be sorry for them upon your beds.
6 Offer up the sacrifice of justice, † and trust in the Lord: * many say, Who sheweth us good things?
7 The light of thy countenance O Lord, is signed upon us: * thou hast given gladness in my heart.
8 By the fruit of their corn, their wine and oil, * they are multiplied.
9 In peace in the selfsame * I will sleep, and I will rest:
10 For thou, O Lord, singularly * hast settled me in hope.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 5.
Verba mea aúribus pércipe Dómine, * intéllige clamórem meum.
2 Inténde voci oratiónis meæ, * rex meus et Deus meus.
3 Quóniam ad te orábo: * Dómine mane exaúdies vocem meam.
4 Mane astábo tibi et vidébo: * quóniam non Deus volens iniquitátem tu es.
5 Neque habitábit juxta te malígnus: * neque permanébunt injústi ante óculos tuos.
6 Odísti omnes, qui operántur iniquitátem: * perdes omnes, qui loquúntur mendácium.
7 Virum sánguinum et dolósum abominábitur Dóminus: * ego autem in multitúdine misericórdiæ tuæ.
8 Introíbo in domum tuam: * adorábo ad templum sanctum tuum in timóre tuo.
9 Dómine deduc me in justítia tua: * propter inimícos meos dírige in conspéctu tuo viam meam.
10 Quóniam non est in ore eórum véritas: * cor eórum vanum est.
11 Sepúlchrum patens est guttur eórum, linguis suis dolóse agébant, * júdica illos Deus.
12 Décidant a cogitatiónibus suis, secúndum multitúdinem impietátum eórum expélle eos, * quóniam irritavérunt te Dómine.
13 Et læténtur omnes, qui sperant in te, * in ætérnum exsultábunt: et habitábis in eis.
14 Et gloriabúntur in te omnes, qui díligunt nomen tuum, * quóniam tu benedíces justo.
15 Dómine, ut scuto bonæ voluntátis tuæ * coronásti nos.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
Give ear, O Lord, to my words, * understand my cry.
2 Hearken to the voice of my prayer, * O my King and my God.
3 For to thee will I pray: * O Lord, in the morning thou shalt hear my voice.
4 In the morning I will stand before thee, and will see: * because thou art not a God that willest iniquity.
5 Neither shall the wicked dwell near thee: * nor shall the unjust abide before thy eyes.
6 Thou hatest all the workers of iniquity: * Thou wilt destroy all that speak a lie.
7 The bloody and the deceitful man the Lord will abhor. * But as for me in the multitude of thy mercy,
8 I will come into thy house; * I will worship towards thy holy temple, in thy fear.
9 Conduct me, O Lord, in thy justice: * because of my enemies, direct my way in thy sight.
10 For there is no truth in their mouth; * their heart is vain.
11 Their throat is an open sepulchre: they dealt deceitfully with their tongues: * judge them, O God.
12 Let them fall from their devices: according to the multitude of their wickednesses cast them out: * for they have provoked thee, O Lord.
13 But let all them be glad that hope in thee: * they shall rejoice for ever, and thou shalt dwell in them.
14 And all they that love thy name shall glory in thee: * For thou wilt bless the just.
15 O Lord as with a shield of thy good will * thou hast crowned us.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 8.
Dómine Dóminus noster, * quam admirábile est nomen tuum in univérsa terra!
2 Quóniam eleváta est magnificéntia tua, * super cœlos.
3 Ex ore infántium et lacténtium perfecísti laudem propter inimícos tuos, * ut déstruas inimícum et ultórem.
4 Quóniam vidébo cœlos tuos, ópera digitórum tuórum: * lunam et stellas, quæ tu fundásti.
5 Quid est homo, quod memor es ejus? * aut fílius hóminis, quóniam vísitas eum?
6 Minuísti eum paulo minus ab Angelis, glória et honóre coronásti eum: * et constituísti eum super ópera mánuum tuárum.
7 Omnia subjecísti sub pédibus ejus, * oves et boves univérsas: ínsuper et pécora campi.
8 Vólucres cœli, et pisces maris, * qui perámbulant sémitas maris.
9 Dómine Dóminus noster, * quam admirábile est nomen tuum in univérsa terra!
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
O Lord our Lord, * how admirable is thy name in the whole earth!
2 For thy magnificence is elevated * above the heavens.
3 Out of the mouth of infants and of sucklings thou hast perfected praise, because of thy enemies, * that thou mayst destroy the enemy and the avenger.
4 For I will behold thy heavens, the works of thy fingers: * the moon and the stars which thou hast founded.
5 What is man that thou art mindful of him? * or the son of man that thou visitest him?
6 Thou hast made him a little less than the angels, thou hast crowned him with glory and honour: * And hast set him over the works of thy hands.
7 Thou hast subjected all things under his feet, * all sheep and oxen: moreover the beasts also of the fields.
8 The birds of the air, and the fishes of the sea, * that pass through the paths of the sea.
9 O Lord our Lord, * how admirable is thy name in all the earth!
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Invocántem exaudívit Dóminus sanctum suum, Dóminus exaudívit eum, et constítuit eum in pace, allelúja.
When His holy one called, the Lord called him; yea, the Lord heard him, and gave him peace, Alleluia.
Versiculus.
℣. Elégit eum Dóminus sacerdótem sibi, allelúja.
℟. Ad sacrificándum ei hóstiam laudis, allelúja.
℣. The Lord hath chosen him for a Priest unto Himself, Alleluia.
℟. To offer up unto Him the sacrifice of praise, Alleluia.
Pater noster. secreto.
Qui es in cœlis, sanctificétur nomen tuum: advéniat regnum tuum: fiat volúntas tua, sicut in cœlo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidiánum da nobis hódie: et dimítte nobis débita nostra, sicut et nos dimíttimus debitóribus nostris:
℣. Et ne nos indúcas in tentatiónem.
℟. Sed líbera nos a malo.
Our Father.
Who art in heaven: hallowed be thy name: thy kingdom come: thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread: and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us:
℣. And lead us not into temptation.
℟. But deliver us from evil.
Absolutio.
Ipsíus píetas et misericórdia nos ádjuvet, * qui cum Patre et Spíritu sancto vivit et regnat in sǽcula sæculórum.
℟. Amen.
May His loving-kindness and mercy help us, * Who liveth and reigneth with the Father, and the Holy Ghost, world without end.
℟. Amen.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Deus Pater omnípotens * sit nobis propítius et clemens.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
God the Father Omnipotent, * be to us merciful and clement.
Amen.
Gregórius, nóbilis Cáppadox, ex singulári divinárum litterárum sciéntia Theólogi cognómen consecútus, Naziánzi in Cappadócia natus, Athénis in omni disciplinárum génere una cum sancto Basilío erudítus, ad stúdia sacrárum litterárum se convértit, in quibus se in cœnóbio per áliquot annos exercuérunt, illárum senténtiam non ex próprio ingénio, sed ex majórum ratióne et auctoritáte interpretántes. Qui cum doctrína et vitæ sanctitáte florérent, vocáti ad munus prædicándæ evangélicæ veritátis, plúrimos Jesu Christo fílios peperérunt.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
Gregory, to whom, is commonly given, on account of his extraordinary depth of sacred learning, the title of "the Divine", was a noble Cappadocian, born at Nazianzus in that country, and educated at Athens along with St. Basil, with whom likewise, when they had acquired knowledge in diverse branches of earthly learning, he gave himself up to learn the things of God. This they did for some years in a Monastery, framing their opinions, not out of their own heads, but according to the interpretation arrived at by the wisdom and decision of the ancients. They were both distinguished by power of doctrine and holiness of life, they were both called to the duty of preaching the Gospel of truth and, through the Gospel. they both begat many sons unto Christ.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium IV.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Christus perpétuæ * det nobis gaúdia vitæ.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May Christ to all His people give, * for ever in His sight to live.
Amen.
Gregórius ígitur aliquándo domum revérsus, primum Sasimórum epíscopus creátus est, deínde Nazianzénam ecclésiam administrávit. Tum Constantinópolim ad eam regéndam ecclésiam accersítus, cum civitátem hǽresum purgátam erróribus ad cathólicam fidem reduxísset, quod ei summum ómnium amórem conciliáre debébat, multórum parávit invídiam. Itaque cum inter epíscopos magna proptérea esset facta sedítio, sponte cedens episcopátu, illud Prophétæ dictum usurpávit: Si propter me commóta est ista tempéstas, dejícite me in mare, ut vos jactári desinátis. Quare Naziánzum revérsus, cum illi ecclésiæ Eulálium præficiéndum curásset, totum se ad contemplatiónem et scriptiónem divinárum rerum cóntulit.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
Gregory after a while returned home. He was first made Bishop of Sasima, and afterwards administered the Church at Nazianzus. Then he was called to rule the Church of Constantinople. That city, which he found reeking with heresy, he purged, and brought again to the Catholic faith. But this, which deserved for him the warmest love of all men, raised up many enemies. Among the Bishops themselves there was a great party against him, and to still their contentions, he, of his own free will, gave up his see, saying with the Prophet Jonah: "Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea so shall the sea be calm unto you for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you," (i. 12.) So he went his way back again to Nazianzus, and when he had seen that Eulalius was set over that Church, he gave himself up altogether to think and write concerning the things of God.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium V.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Ignem sui amóris * accéndat Deus in córdibus nostris.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the Spirit’s fire Divine * in our hearts enkindled shine.
Amen.
Scripsit autem multa et solúta oratióne, et vérsibus, mirábili pietáte et eloquéntia: quibus doctórum hóminum, sanctorúmque judício id assecútus est, ut nihil in illis, nisi ex veræ pietátis et cathólicæ religiónis régula reperiátur: nemo quidquam jure vocáre possit in dúbium. Consubstantialitátis Fílii fuit acérrimus propugnátor. Ut autem vitæ laude nemo ei præpósitus est; sic et oratiónis gravitáte omnes fácile superávit. In iis scribéndi ac legéndi stúdiis ruri vitam mónachi exércens, imperatóre Theodósio, ad cœléstem vitam sénio conféctus migrávit.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
He wrote much, both in prose and verse, with wonderful godliness and eloquence. According to the judgment of learned and holy men, there is nothing in his writings which anywhere strays from the line of true godliness and Catholic truth, and not a single word which any one can justly call in doubt. He was one of the latest champions of the doctrine that the Son is of one substance with the Father. No one has ever won greater praise for goodness of life, neither was any man more earnest in prayer. During the reign of the Emperor Theodosius, he dwelt in the country after the manner of a monk, and unceasingly taken up with writing and reading, until, in a good old age, he laid down his earthly, to enter on an heavenly life.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium VI.
Dómine, * iste sanctus habitábit in tabernáculo tuo, operátus est justítiam, requiéscet in monte sancto tuo, allelúja.
Lord, * this Thy Saint shall dwell in Thy tabernacle, and this that hath worked righteousness shall abide upon Thy holy hill, Alleluia.
Psalmus 14.
Dómine quis habitábit in tabernáculo tuo? * aut quis requiéscet in monte sancto tuo?
2 Qui ingréditur sine mácula, * et operátur justítiam:
3 Qui lóquitur veritátem in corde suo, * qui non egit dolum in lingua sua:
4 Nec fecit próximo suo malum, * et oppróbrium non accépit advérsus próximos suos.
5 Ad níhilum dedúctus est in conspéctu ejus malígnus: * timéntes autem Dóminum gloríficat:
6 Qui jurat próximo suo, et non décipit, * qui pecúniam suam non dedit ad usúram, et múnera super innocéntem non accépit.
7 Qui facit hæc, * non movébitur in ætérnum.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
Lord, who shall dwell in thy tabernacle? * or who shall rest in thy holy hill?
2 He that walketh without blemish, * and worketh justice:
3 He that speaketh truth in his heart, * who hath not used deceit in his tongue:
4 Nor hath done evil to his neighbour: * nor taken up a reproach against his neighbours.
5 In his sight the malignant is brought to nothing: * but he glorifieth them that fear the Lord.
6 He that sweareth to his neighbour, and deceiveth not; * He that hath not put out his money to usury, nor taken bribes against the innocent:
7 He that doth these things * shall not be moved for ever.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 20.
Dómine in virtúte tua lætábitur rex: * et super salutáre tuum exsultábit veheménter.
2 Desidérium cordis ejus tribuísti ei: * et voluntáte labiórum ejus non fraudásti eum.
3 Quóniam prævenísti eum in benedictiónibus dulcédinis: * posuísti in cápite ejus corónam de lápide pretióso.
4 Vitam pétiit a te: * et tribuísti ei longitúdinem diérum in sǽculum, et in sǽculum sǽculi.
5 Magna est glória ejus in salutári tuo: * glóriam et magnum decórem impónes super eum.
6 Quóniam dabis eum in benedictiónem in sǽculum sǽculi: * lætificábis eum in gaúdio cum vultu tuo.
7 Quóniam rex sperat in Dómino: * et in misericórdia Altíssimi non commovébitur.
8 Inveniátur manus tua ómnibus inimícis tuis: * déxtera tua invéniat omnes, qui te odérunt.
9 Pones eos ut clíbanum ignis in témpore vultus tui: * Dóminus in ira sua conturbábit eos, et devorábit eos ignis.
10 Fructum eórum de terra perdes: * et semen eórum a fíliis hóminum.
11 Quóniam declinavérunt in te mala: * cogitavérunt consília, quæ non potuérunt stabilíre.
12 Quóniam pones eos dorsum: * in relíquiis tuis præparábis vultum eórum.
13 Exaltáre Dómine in virtúte tua: * cantábimus et psallémus virtútes tuas.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
In thy strength, O Lord, the king shall joy; * and in thy salvation he shall rejoice exceedingly.
2 Thou hast given him his heart's desire: * and hast not withholden from him the will of his lips.
3 For thou hast prevented him with blessings of sweetness: * thou hast set on his head a crown of precious stones.
4 He asked life of thee: * and thou hast given him length of days for ever and ever.
5 His glory is great in thy salvation: * glory and great beauty shalt thou lay upon him.
6 For thou shalt give him to be a blessing for ever and ever: * thou shalt make him joyful in gladness with thy countenance.
7 For the king hopeth in the Lord: * and through the mercy of the most High he shall not be moved.
8 Let thy hand be found by all thy enemies: * let thy right hand find out all them that hate thee.
9 Thou shalt make them as an oven of fire, in the time of thy anger: * the Lord shall trouble them in his wrath, and fire shall devour them.
10 Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth: * and their seed from among the children of men.
11 For they have intended evils against thee: * they have devised counsels which they have not been able to establish.
12 For thou shalt make them turn their back: * in thy remnants thou shalt prepare their face.
13 Be thou exalted, O Lord, in thy own strength: * we will sing and praise thy power.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Psalmus 23.
Dómini est terra, et plenitúdo ejus: * orbis terrárum, et univérsi qui hábitant in eo.
2 Quia ipse super mária fundávit eum: * et super flúmina præparávit eum.
3 Quis ascéndet in montem Dómini? * aut quis stabit in loco sancto ejus?
4 Innocens mánibus et mundo corde, † qui non accépit in vano ánimam suam, * nec jurávit in dolo próximo suo.
5 Hic accípiet benedictiónem a Dómino: * et misericórdiam a Deo salutári suo.
6 Hæc est generátio quæréntium eum, * quæréntium fáciem Dei Jacob.
7 Attóllite portas príncipes vestras, † et elevámini portæ æternáles: * et introíbit Rex glóriæ.
8 Quis est iste Rex glóriæ? † Dóminus fortis et potens: * Dóminus potens in prǽlio.
9 Attóllite portas príncipes vestras, † et elevámini portæ æternáles: * et introíbit Rex glóriæ.
10 Quis est iste Rex glóriæ? * Dóminus virtútum ipse est Rex glóriæ.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, * et Spirítui sancto.
Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper: * et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.
The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof: * the world, and all they that dwell therein.
2 For he hath founded it upon the seas; * and hath prepared it upon the rivers.
3 Who shall ascend into the mountain of the Lord: * or who shall stand in his holy place?
4 The innocent in hands, and clean of heart, † who hath not taken his soul in vain, * nor sworn deceitfully to his neighbour.
5 He shall receive a blessing from the Lord, * and mercy from God his Saviour.
6 This is the generation of them that seek him, * of them that seek the face of the God of Jacob.
7 Lift up your gates, O ye princes, † and be ye lifted up, O eternal gates: * and the King of Glory shall enter in.
8 Who is this King of Glory? † the Lord who is strong and mighty: * the Lord mighty in battle.
9 Lift up your gates, O ye princes, † and be ye lifted up, O eternal gates: * and the King of Glory shall enter in.
10 Who is this King of Glory? * the Lord of hosts, he is the King of Glory.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, * and to the Holy Spirit.
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: * world without end. Amen.
Dómine, iste sanctus habitábit in tabernáculo tuo, operátus est justítiam, requiéscet in monte sancto tuo, allelúja.
Lord, this Thy Saint shall dwell in Thy tabernacle, and this that hath worked righteousness shall abide upon Thy holy hill, Alleluia.
Versiculus.
℣. Tu es sacérdos in ætérnum, allelúja.
℟. Secúndum órdinem Melchísedech, allelúja.
℣. Thou art a Priest for ever, Alleluia.
℟. After the order of Melchisedek, Alleluia.
Pater noster. secreto.
Qui es in cœlis, sanctificétur nomen tuum: advéniat regnum tuum: fiat volúntas tua, sicut in cœlo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidiánum da nobis hódie: et dimítte nobis débita nostra, sicut et nos dimíttimus debitóribus nostris:
℣. Et ne nos indúcas in tentatiónem.
℟. Sed líbera nos a malo.
Our Father.
Who art in heaven: hallowed be thy name: thy kingdom come: thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread: and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us:
℣. And lead us not into temptation.
℟. But deliver us from evil.
Absolutio.
A vínculis peccatórum nostrórum * absólvat nobis omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus.
℟. Amen.
From the bonds of our sins, * may the Almighty and merciful Lord loose us.
℟. Amen.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Evangélica léctio * sit nobis salus et protéctio.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the Gospel’s holy lection * be our safety and protection.
Amen.
Léctio sancti Evangélii secúndum Matthǽum.
A Lesson from the Holy Gospel according to Matthew.
Matth. 5. b.
In illo témpore: Dixit Jesus discípulis suis: Vos estis sal terræ. Quod si sal evanúerit, in quo saliétur? Et réliqua.
At that time: Jesus said unto His disciples: Ye are the salt of the earth; but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? And so on.
Homilía sancti Augustíni Epíscopi.
[Lib. 1. de Serm. Domini in monte.
Cap. 6. Tom. 4.]
Osténdit Dóminus, fátuos esse judicándos, qui temporálium bonórum vel cópiam sectántes, vel inópiam metuéntes, amíttunt ætérna, quæ nec dari possunt ab homínibus, nec auférri. Itaque si sal infatuátum fúerit, in quo saliétur? Id est, si vos, per quos condiéndi sunt quodámmodo pópuli, metu persecutiónum temporálium amiséritis regna cœlórum; qui erunt hómines, per quos a vobis error auferátur, cum vos elégerit Deus, per quos errórem aúferat ceterórum?
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
Homily by St. Austin, Bishop.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium VII.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Cujus festum cólimus, * ipse intercédat pro nobis ad Dóminum.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
He whose feast-day we are keeping, * be our Advocate with God.
Amen.
Ergo ad níhilum valet sal infatuátum, nisi ut mittátur foras, et calcétur ab homínibus. Non ítaque calcátur ab homínibus, qui pátitur persecutiónem: sed qui persecutiónem timéndo infatuátur. Calcári enim non potest nisi inférior: sed inférior non est, qui quamvis córpore multa in terra sustíneat, corde tamen fixus in cœlo est. ¶ Vos estis lumen mundi. Quómodo dixit supérius sal terræ, sic nunc dicit lumen mundi. Nam neque supérius ista terra accipiénda est, quam pédibus corpóreis calcámus: sed hómines qui in terra hábitant, vel étiam peccatóres, quorum condiéndis et exstinguéndis putóribus apostólicum salem Dóminus misit. Et hic mundum non cœlum et terram, sed hómines, qui sunt in mundo, vel díligunt mundum, opórtet intélligi, quibus illuminándis Apóstoli missi sunt. Non potest cívitas abscóndi super montem pósita: id est, fundáta super insígnem magnámque justítiam, quam signíficat étiam ipse mons, in quo dísputat Dóminus.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
It is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, to be trodden under foot of and men. He that suffereth persecution is not thus trodden under foot of men; he that in good sooth is trodden under foot of men, is he which, through fear of persecution, hath lost his savour. No man can be trodden upon, unless he be beneath him which treadeth upon him; but he cannot be beneath his tormentor, who, suffer he how grievously soever in his body upon earth, hath still his heart in heaven. ¶ Ye are the light of the world. They whom the Lord hath, just above, called the salt of the earth, the same doth He now call the light of the world. By the earth, whereof they were said to be the salt, we have not understood to be signified that earth whereupon we walk with our bodily feet, but the men which dwell upon the earth, or sinners, for the sweetening and correction of whose stinking corruption the Lord hath sent His Apostles, as it were, as so much salt. And so here also, by the world we are to understand, not the heavens and the earth, but the men which are in the world, or which love the world for the enlightening of whom the Apostles have been sent. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid - that is, set upon the heights of the same plain and great righteousness, whereof the mountain upon the which the Lord taught was itself a figure.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Responsorium VIII.
Jube, domne, benedícere.
Per Evangélica dicta * deleántur nostra delícta.
℟. Amen.
Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
May the Gospel’s glorious word * cleansing to our souls afford.
Amen.
Dominica infra Octavam Ascensionis Domini.
Léctio sancti Evangélii secúndum Joánnem.
A Lesson from the Holy Gospel according to John.
Joann. 15. d.
In illo témpore: Dixit Jesus discípulis suis: Cum vénerit Paráclitus, quem ego mittam vobis a Patre, Spíritum veritátis, qui a Patre procédit, ille testimónium perhibébit de me. Et réliqua.
At that time, Jesus said unto His disciples: When the Comforter is come, Whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, Which proceedeth from the Father, He shall testify of Me. And so on.
Homilía sancti Augustíni Epíscopi.
Homily by St. Austin, Bishop.
Tractatus 92. in Joannem.
Dóminus Jesus in sermóne, quem locútus est discípulis suis post cœnam, próximus passióni, tamquam itúrus, et relictúrus eos præséntia corporáli, cum ómnibus autem suis usque in consummatiónem sǽculi futúrus præséntia spiritáli, exhortátus est eos ad perferéndas persecutiónes impiórum, quos mundi nómine nuncupávit: ex quo tamen mundo étiam ipsos discípulos se elegísse dixit: ut scirent se Dei grátia esse, quod sunt; suis autem vítiis fuísse, quod fuérunt. ¶ Deínde persecutóres et suos et ipsórum, Judǽos evidénter expréssit: ut omníno apparéret étiam ipsos mundi damnábilis appellatióne conclúsos, qui persequúntur sanctos. Cumque de illis díceret, quod ignorárent eum, a quo missus est; et tamen odíssent et Fílium, et Patrem, hoc est, et eum qui missus est, et eum a quo missus est: (de quibus ómnibus in áliis sermónibus jam disserúimus) ad hoc pervénit, ubi ait: Ut adimpleátur sermo, qui in lege eórum scriptus est: Quia ódio habuérunt me gratis. ¶ Deínde tamquam consequénter adjúnxit, unde modo disputáre suscépimus: Cum autem vénerit Paráclitus, quem ego mittam vobis a Patre, Spíritum veritátis, qui a Patre procédit, ille testimónium perhibébit de me: et vos testimónium perhibébitis, quia ab inítio mecum estis. Quid hoc pértinet ad illud quod díxerat: Nunc autem et vidérunt, et odérunt et me, et Patrem meum; sed ut impleátur sermo, qui in lege eórum scriptus est: Quia ódio habuérunt me gratis? An quia Paráclitus quando venit Spíritus veritátis, eos, qui vidérunt, et odérunt, testimónio manifestióre convícit? Imo vero étiam áliquos ex illis qui vidérunt, et adhuc óderant, ad fidem, quæ per dilectiónem operátur, sui manifestatióne convértit.
Tu autem Dómine miserére nobis.
℟. Deo grátias.
The Lord Jesus, in that discourse which He addressed to His disciples after the Last Supper, when He was on the very eve of the Passion, when He was, as it were, about to go away and leave them as touching His bodily Presence, albeit as touching His spiritual Presence, He is with us alway even unto the end of the world, (Matth. xxviii. 20,) in that discourse He exhorted them to bear patiently the persecution of wicked men, of whom He speaketh as "the world", out of which world, nevertheless, He saith that He hath chosen even His disciples themselves, (xv. 19,) that they might know that it was by the grace of God that they were what they were, (1 Cor. xv. 10,) whereas it was by their own sins that they had been what they had been. ¶ If they have persecuted Me, they will also persecute you." Here He clearly pointeth to the Jews, the persecutors both of Himself and of His disciples, so that we see that they which persecute His holy ones are as much citizens of the world of damnation as they which persecuted Himself. He saith: "They know not Him That sent Me," (21,) and yet again, (24,) "They have hated both Me and My Father," (xv. 24,) that is to say, both the Sender and the Sent, the meaning of which words we have already treated in other discourses and with that He cometh to the words "That the word might be fulfilled that is written in their law They hated Me without a cause." ¶ Then saith the Lord, as though in continuation "But when the Comforter is come, Whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, Which proceedeth from the Father, He shall testify of Me. And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with Me from the beginning." What connection hath this with the words: "Now have they both seen and hated both Me and My Father but that the word might be fulfilled that is written in their law They hated Me without a cause." Is it that when the Comforter is come, even the Spirit of truth, He will confound by irrefragable testimony them who have both seen and hated both God the Son and God the Father? Yea, indeed, some there were who had seen and still hated, whom the testimony of the Comforter converted to the faith which worketh by love.
But Thou, O Lord, have mercy on us.
℟. Thanks be to God.
Te Deum laudámus: * te Dóminum confitémur.
Te ætérnum Patrem * omnis terra venerátur.
Tibi omnes Angeli, * tibi cœli, et univérsæ potestátes:
Tibi Chérubim et Séraphim, * incessábili voce proclámant:
(Fit reverentia) Sanctus, * Sanctus, * Sanctus * Dóminus Deus Sábaoth.
Pleni sunt cœli et terra * majestátis glóriæ tuæ.
Te gloriósus * Apostolórum chorus,
Te Prophetárum * laudábilis númerus,
Te Mártyrum candidátus * laudat exércitus.
Te per orbem terrárum * sancta confitétur Ecclésia,
Patrem * imménsæ majestátis,
Venerándum tuum verum * et únicum Fílium,
Sanctum quoque * Paráclitum Spíritum.
Tu rex glóriæ * Christe.
Tu Patris * sempitérnus es Fílius.
(Fit reverentia) Tu ad liberándum susceptúrus hóminem: * non horruísti Vírginis úterum.
Tu devícto mortis acúleo: * aperuísti credéntibus regna cœlórum.
Tu ad déxteram Dei sedes, * in glória Patris.
Judex créderis * esse ventúrus.
(Flexis genibus) Te ergo quǽsumus, tuis fámulis súbveni: * quos pretióso sánguine redemísti.
Ætérna fac cum sanctis tuis: * in glória numerári.
Salvum fac pópulum tuum Dómine, * et bénedic hæreditáti tuæ.
Et rege eos, * et extólle illos usque in ætérnum.
Per síngulos dies * benedícimus te.
Et laudámus nomen tuum in sǽculum, * et in sǽculum sǽculi.
Dignáre Dómine die isto * sine peccáto nos custodíre.
Miserére nostri Dómine: * miserére nostri.
Fiat misericórdia tua Dómine super nos, * quemádmodum sperávimus in te.
In te Dómine sperávi: * non confúndar in ætérnum.
We praise Thee, O God: * we acknowledge Thee to be the Lord.
All the earth doth worship Thee, * the Father everlasting.
To Thee all Angels cry aloud, * the heavens, and all the Powers therein.
To Thee Cherubim and Seraphim * continually do cry:
Holy, * Holy, * Holy, * Lord God of Sabaoth.
Heaven and earth are full * of the majesty of Thy glory.
The glorious company of the Apostles * praise Thee:
The goodly fellowship of the Prophets * praise Thee:
The white-robed army of Martyrs * praise Thee:
The holy Church throughout all the world * doth acknowledge Thee:
The Father * of an infinite Majesty:
Thine honourable, true, * and only Son:
Also the Holy Ghost, * the Comforter.
Thou art the King of glory, * O Christ!
Thou art the everlasting Son * of the Father.
When Thou tookest upon thee to deliver man, * Thou didst not abhor the Virgin's womb:
When Thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death, * Thou didst open the kingdom of heaven to all believers:
Thou sittest at the right hand of God, * in the glory of the Father:
We believe that Thou shalt come * to be our Judge:
We therefore pray Thee, help Thy servants, * whom Thou hast redeemed with Thy precious Blood.
Make them to be numbered with Thy Saints * in glory everlasting.
O Lord, save Thy people, * and bless Thine inheritance.
Govern them, * and lift them up for ever.
Day by day * we magnify Thee;
And we worship Thy name, * ever world without end.
Vouchsafe, O Lord, this day, * to keep us without sin.
Have mercy upon us, O Lord, * have mercy on us.
O Lord, let Thy mercy lighten upon us, * as our trust is in Thee.
O Lord, in Thee have I trusted: * let me never be confounded.